Operating systems manage all of the hardware components on a computer or mobile device, including the central processor unit (CPU), graphics processing unit, memory and input/output devices. These hardware parts are typically made by a number of different manufacturers and designed to perform multiple functions, so it’s the OS’ job to tie them all together and make them work cohesively.
Operating system software also handles basic input/output management by regulating the connection and interaction between the hardware and applications through device drivers. Driver programs function the same way as any other process in the kernel, except they receive priority blocks of CPU time to perform essential device-related tasks when needed.
Other key functions of modern OSs include memory management and file system management, as well as networking capabilities to allow computers and other devices to communicate with each other over a local area network or the internet. In addition, many of the most recent operating systems feature advanced security measures to protect against unauthorized access and malware.
Modern multitasking OSs enable users to run a wide range of software without having to learn the code needed to execute individual commands. This is largely because the OS can perform multitasking tasks in parallel and swaps the processor’s execution between processes, so that each application has enough CPU time to complete its assigned task. The advent of GUIs – Graphical User Interface – also makes these types of operating systems much more user friendly, as they provide graphical representations of buttons, catches and symbols to facilitate easier understanding and operation. Operating systems